Syntactic relations - Revision history

Ronaldotmartins at 13:15, 20 October 2025

2025-10-20T13:15:55Z

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	~~Imho~~ it'~~s impossible~~ to complete ~~the CLEA450 test on Syntactic Roles~~ (II) by ~~using just this wiki~~ (~~and the X~~-~~bar theory page as well~~). ~~It doesn't explain "trace"~~, ~~"tail"~~, ~~"scope" -~~ or ~~there~~ are ~~some redundant options in~~ the ~~list.~~ [[~~User~~:~~Vzakharov\|Vzakharov~~]] 21:~~42, 23 August 2012~~ (~~CEST~~)		'''Syntactic roles''' are the roles that constituents play inside a syntactic structure. The UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework follows the [[Syntax\|X-bar approach]] and proposes six main syntactic roles:

			*'''HEAD''' is the nucleus or the source of the whole syntactic structure, which is actually derived (or projected) out of it. In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, there are 8 possible heads:
			**'''N''' = nouns and nominals
			**'''J''' = adjectives and adjectivals
			**'''V''' = full verbs and verbals
			**'''A''' = adverbs and adverbials
			**'''P''' = adpositions (prepositions, postpositions, circumpositions)
			**'''I''' = auxiliary verbs
			**'''D''' = determiners
			**'''C''' = complementizers (conjunctions)
			*'''COMP''' (i.e., complement) is an internal argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which is necessary to the head to complete its meaning (e.g., objects of transitive verbs);
			*'''ADJT''' (i.e., adjunct) is a word, phrase or clause which modifies the head but which is not syntactically required by it (adjuncts are expected to be extranuclear, i.e., removing an adjunct would leave a grammatically well-formed sentence);
			*'''SPEC''' (i.e., specifier) is an external argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which qualifies (determines) the head;
			*'''XB''' (intermediate projection) is any of the intermediate structures projected out of the head; and
			*'''XP''' (maximal projection) is the most comprehensive structure projected out of the head.

			These general roles are further specified according to the eight possible syntactic heads as follows:

			{{#tree:id=SYN\|openlevels=0\|root=Syntactic roles (SYN)\|
			*adjunct (XA)
			**adjunct to the head of an adjective phrase (JA)
			**adjunct to the head of an adverbial phrase (AA)
			**adjunct to the head of a complementizer phrase (CA)
			**adjunct to the head of a determiner phrase (DA)
			**adjunct to the head of an inflectional phrase (IA)
			**adjunct to the head of a nominal phrase (NA)
			**adjunct to the head of a prepositional phrase (PA)
			**adjunct to the head of a verbal phrase (VA)
			*complement (XC)
			**complement of the head of an adjective phrase (JC)
			**complement of the head of an adverbial phrase (AC)
			**complement of the head of a complementizer phrase (CC)
			**complement of the head of a determiner phrase (DC)
			**complement of the head of an inflectional phrase (IC)
			**complement of the head of a nominal phrase (NC)
			**complement of the head of a prepositional phrase (PC)
			**complement of the head of a verbal phrase (VC)
			*head (XH)
			**head of an adverbial phrase (AH)
			**head of an adjective phrase (JH)
			**head of a complementizer phrase (CH)
			**head of a determiner phrase (DH)
			**head of an inflectional phrase (IH)
			**head of a nominal phrase (NH)
			**head of a prepositional phrase (PH)
			**head of a verbal phrase (VH)
			*specifier (XS)
			**specifier of the head of an adjective phrase(JS)
			**specifier of the head of an adverbial phrase (AS)
			**specifier of the head of a complementizer phrase (CS)
			**specifier of the head of a determiner phrase(DS)
			**specifier of the head of an inflectional phrase (IS)
			**specifier of the head of a nominal phrase (NS)
			**specifier of the head of a prepositional phrase (PS)
			**specifier of the head of a verbal phrase (VS)
			*maximal projection (XP)
			**adjective phrase (JP)
			**adverbial phrase (AP)
			**complementizer phrase (CP)
			**determiner phrase (DP)
			**inflectional phrase (IP)
			**nominal phrase (NP)
			**prepositional phrase (PP)
			**verbal phrase (VP)
			*intermediate projection (XB)
			**adverbial phrase (AB)
			**adjective phrase (JB)
			**complementizer phrase (CB)
			**determiner phrase (DB)
			**inflectional phrase (IB)
			**nominal phrase (NB)
			**prepositional phrase (PB)
			**verbal phrase (VB)
			*trace (TRACE)
			}}

			= Examples =
			*complement of the head of an adverbial phrase (AC): contrarily [to popular belief]
			*specifier of the head of an adverbial phrase (AS): [nearly] always
			*complement of the head of a complementizer phrase (CC): if [John comes]
			*specifier of the head of a complementizer phrase (CS): [even] if
			*specifier of the head of a determiner phrase(DS): [almost] every
			*complement of the head of an inflectional phrase (IC): will [kiss Peter]
			*specifier of the head of an inflectional phrase (IS): [Mary] will (kiss Peter)
			*adjunct to the head of an adjective phrase (JA): beautiful [to see]
			*complement of the head of an adjective phrase (JC): loyal [to the queen]
			*specifier of the head of an adjective phrase(JS): [very] loyal
			*adjunct to the head of a nominal phrase (NA): [beautiful] table
			*complement of the head of a nominal phrase (NC): construction [of Babel]
			*specifier of the head of a nominal phrase (NS): [the] construction
			*complement of the head of a prepositional phrase (PC): under [the table]
			*specifier of the head of a prepositional phrase (PS): [right] under
			*adjunct to the head of a verbal phrase (VA): loved [desperately]
			*complement of the head of a verbal phrase (VC): loved [Mary]
			*specifier of the head of a verbal phrase (VS): [never] loved

			= Further information =
			For further information on the syntax approach of the UNL<sup>arium</sup> refer to [[X-bar]].

imported>Martins at 19:21, 16 August 2013

2013-08-16T19:21:30Z

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	~~'''Syntactic roles''' are the roles that constituents play inside a syntactic structure. The UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework follows the [[Syntax\|X-bar approach]] and proposes six main syntactic roles:~~		Imho it's impossible to complete the CLEA450 test on Syntactic Roles (II) by using just this wiki (and the X-bar theory page as well). It doesn't explain "trace", "tail", "scope" - or there are some redundant options in the list. [[User:Vzakharov\|Vzakharov]] 21:42, 23 August 2012 (CEST)

	*'''HEAD''' is the nucleus or the source of the whole syntactic structure, which is actually derived (or projected) out of it~~. In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, there are 8 possible heads:~~
	**'''N''' = nouns and nominals
	**'''J''' = adjectives and adjectivals
	**'''V''' = full verbs and verbals
	**'''A''' = adverbs and adverbials
	**'''P''' = adpositions (prepositions, postpositions, circumpositions)
	**'''~~I''' = auxiliary verbs~~
	**'''D''' = determiners
	**'''C''' = complementizers (conjunctions)
	*'''COMP''' (i.e., complement) is an internal argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which is necessary to the ~~head to complete its meaning~~ (~~e.g., objects of transitive verbs~~);
	*'''ADJT''' (~~i.e., adjunct) is a word, phrase or clause which modifies~~ the ~~head but which is not syntactically required by it (adjuncts are expected to be extranuclear, i.e., removing an adjunct would leave a grammatically~~ well~~-formed sentence~~);
	*'~~''SPEC''' (i.e.~~, ~~specifier) is an external argument~~, ~~i.e., a word, phrase~~ or ~~clause which qualifies (determines) the head;~~
	*'''XB''' (intermediate projection) is any of the intermediate structures projected out of the head; and
	*'''XP''' (maximal projection) is the most comprehensive structure projected out of the ~~head~~.

	~~These general roles are further specified according to the eight possible syntactic heads as follows:~~

	~~{{#tree:id=SYN\|openlevels=0\|root=Syntactic roles (SYN)\|~~
	*adjunct (XA)
	**adjunct to the head of an adjective phrase (JA)
	**adjunct to the head of an adverbial phrase (AA)
	**adjunct to the head of a complementizer phrase (CA)
	**adjunct to the head of a determiner phrase (DA)
	**adjunct to the head of an inflectional phrase (IA)
	**adjunct to the head of a nominal phrase (NA)
	**adjunct to the head of a prepositional phrase (PA)
	**adjunct to the head of a verbal phrase (VA)
	*complement (XC)
	**complement of the head of an adjective phrase (JC)
	**complement of the head of an adverbial phrase (AC)
	**complement of the head of a complementizer phrase (CC)
	**complement of the head of a determiner phrase (DC)
	**complement of the head of an inflectional phrase (IC)
	**complement of the head of a nominal phrase (NC)
	**complement of the head of a prepositional phrase (PC)
	**complement of the head of a verbal phrase (VC)
	*head (XH)
	**head of an adverbial phrase (AH)
	**head of an adjective phrase (JH)
	**head of a complementizer phrase (CH)
	**head of a determiner phrase (DH)
	**head of an inflectional phrase (IH)
	**head of a nominal phrase (NH)
	**head of a prepositional phrase (PH)
	**head of a verbal phrase (VH)
	*specifier (XS)
	**specifier of the head of an adjective phrase(JS)
	**specifier of the head of an adverbial phrase (AS)
	**specifier of the head of a complementizer phrase (CS)
	**specifier of the head of a determiner phrase(DS)
	**specifier of the head of an inflectional phrase (IS)
	**specifier of the head of a nominal phrase (NS)
	**specifier of the head of a prepositional phrase (PS)
	**specifier of the head of a verbal phrase (VS)
	*maximal projection (XP)
	**adjective phrase (JP)
	**adverbial phrase (AP)
	**complementizer phrase (CP)
	**determiner phrase (DP)
	**inflectional phrase (IP)
	**nominal phrase (NP)
	**prepositional phrase (PP)
	**verbal phrase (VP)
	*intermediate projection (XB)
	**adverbial phrase (AB)
	**adjective phrase (JB)
	**complementizer phrase (CB)
	**determiner phrase (DB)
	**inflectional phrase (IB)
	**nominal phrase (NB)
	**prepositional phrase (PB)
	**verbal phrase (VB)
	*trace (TRACE)
	}}

	~~= Examples =~~
	*complement of the head of an adverbial phrase (AC): contrarily [to popular belief]
	*specifier of the head of an adverbial phrase (AS): [~~nearly] always~~
	*complement of the head of a complementizer phrase (CC): if [~~John comes]~~
	*specifier of the head of a complementizer phrase (CS): ~~[even~~] if
	*specifier of the head of a determiner phrase(DS): [almost] ~~every~~
	*complement of the head of an inflectional phrase (IC): ~~will [kiss Peter]~~
	*specifier of the head of an inflectional phrase (IS): [Mary] will (kiss Peter)
	*adjunct to the head of an adjective phrase (JA): beautiful [to see]
	*complement of the head of an adjective phrase (JC): loyal [to the queen]
	*specifier of the head of an adjective phrase(JS): [very] loyal
	*adjunct to the head of a nominal phrase (NA): [beautiful] table
	*complement of the head of a nominal phrase (NC): construction [of Babel]
	*specifier of the head of a nominal phrase (NS): [the] construction
	*complement of the head of a prepositional phrase (PC)~~: under [the table]~~
	*specifier of the head of a prepositional phrase (PS): [right] under
	*adjunct to the head of a verbal phrase (VA): loved [desperately]
	*complement of the head of a verbal phrase (VC): loved [Mary]
	*specifier of the head of a verbal phrase (VS): [never] loved

	~~= Further information =~~
	~~For further information on the syntax approach of the UNL<sup>arium</sup> refer to [[X-bar]].~~

imported>Martins at 19:21, 16 August 2013

2013-08-16T19:21:30Z

← Older revision	Revision as of 19:21, 16 August 2013
(No difference)

imported>Martins at 19:13, 13 August 2013

2013-08-13T19:13:37Z

Show changes

imported>Martins at 18:41, 13 August 2013

2013-08-13T18:41:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:41, 13 August 2013
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	== HEAD ==		== HEAD ==
	The HEAD is the nucleus or the source of the whole syntactic structure, which is actually derived (or projected) out of it.<br />		The HEAD is the nucleus or the source of the whole syntactic structure, which is actually derived (projected) out of it.<br />
	In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, there are 8 different possible heads:		In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, there are 8 different possible heads:
	*N = nouns, personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and indefinite pronouns		*N = nouns, personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and indefinite pronouns

imported>Martins at 18:41, 13 August 2013

2013-08-13T18:41:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:41, 13 August 2013
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	The HEAD is the nucleus or the source of the whole syntactic structure, which is actually derived (or projected) out of it.<br />		The HEAD is the nucleus or the source of the whole syntactic structure, which is actually derived (or projected) out of it.<br />
	In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, there are 8 different possible heads:		In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, there are 8 different possible heads:
	*N = nouns ~~and nominals:~~ personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns~~, nominalizations, etc~~		*N = nouns, personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and indefinite pronouns
	*V = verbs		*V = verbs
	*J = adjectives		*J = adjectives

imported>Martins at 18:39, 13 August 2013

2013-08-13T18:39:31Z

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	*'''ADJT''' (i.e., adjunct)		*'''ADJT''' (i.e., adjunct)
	*'''SPEC''' (i.e., specifier)		*'''SPEC''' (i.e., specifier)


	== HEAD ==		== HEAD ==

imported>Martins at 18:39, 13 August 2013

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	*'''HEAD'''		*'''HEAD'''
	*'''COMP''' (i.e., complement) ~~is an internal argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which is necessary to the head to complete its meaning (e.g., objects of transitive verbs);~~		*'''COMP''' (i.e., complement)
	*'''ADJT''' (i.e., adjunct) is a word, phrase or clause which modifies the head but which is not syntactically required by it (adjuncts are expected to be extranuclear, i.e., removing an adjunct would leave a grammatically well-formed sentence);		*'''ADJT''' (i.e., adjunct)
	*'''SPEC''' (i.e., specifier) ~~is an external argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which qualifies (determines) the head;~~		*'''SPEC''' (i.e., specifier)

	== HEAD ==		== HEAD ==
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	== SPEC ==		== SPEC ==
	~~Specifiers are used to narrow the meaning intended by~~ the head. They include:		SPEC (specifier) is an external argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which qualifies (determines) the head. They include:
	*articles: '''the''' (book), '''a''' (book), etc.		*articles: '''the''' (book), '''a''' (book), etc.
	*possessive determiners: '''my''' (book), '''your''' (book), etc.		*possessive determiners: '''my''' (book), '''your''' (book), etc.
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	== COMP ==		== COMP ==
	~~Complements are used~~ to complete ~~the~~ meaning ~~intended by the head~~. They may be:		COMP (complement) is an internal argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which is necessary to the head to complete its meaning (e.g., objects of transitive verbs). They may be:
	*direct objects: (do) '''something''', (give) '''something'''		*direct objects: (do) '''something''', (give) '''something'''
	*indirect objects: (laugh at) '''something''', (give to) '''someone'''		*indirect objects: (laugh at) '''something''', (give to) '''someone'''
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	== ADJT ==		== ADJT ==
	~~Adjuncts~~ are ~~used~~ to ~~modify the meaning intended by the head~~:		ADJT (adjunct) is a word, phrase or clause which modifies the head but which is not syntactically required by it (adjuncts are expected to be extranuclear, i.e., removing an adjunct would leave a grammatically well-formed sentence):
	*adjectives: '''beautiful''' (table)		*adjectives: '''beautiful''' (table)
	*adverbs: (speak) '''slowly'''		*adverbs: (speak) '''slowly'''

imported>Martins at 18:37, 13 August 2013

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-'''Syntactic roles''' are the roles that constituents play inside a syntactic structure. The UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework follows the [[Syntax|X-bar approach]] and proposes four syntactic roles:
+'''Syntactic roles''' are the roles that constituents play inside a syntactic structure. The UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework follows the [[X-bar|X-bar approach]] and proposes four syntactic roles:
-*'''HEAD''' is the nucleus or the source of the whole syntactic structure, which is actually derived (or projected) out of it.
+*'''HEAD'''
 *'''COMP''' (i.e., complement) is an internal argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which is necessary to the head to complete its meaning (e.g., objects of transitive verbs);
 *'''ADJT''' (i.e., adjunct) is a word, phrase or clause which modifies the head but which is not syntactically required by it (adjuncts are expected to be extranuclear, i.e., removing an adjunct would leave a grammatically well-formed sentence);
 *'''SPEC''' (i.e., specifier) is an external argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which qualifies (determines) the head;
 == Examples ==

imported>Martins at 17:52, 13 August 2013

2013-08-13T17:52:51Z

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	*'''ADJT''' (i.e., adjunct) is a word, phrase or clause which modifies the head but which is not syntactically required by it (adjuncts are expected to be extranuclear, i.e., removing an adjunct would leave a grammatically well-formed sentence);		*'''ADJT''' (i.e., adjunct) is a word, phrase or clause which modifies the head but which is not syntactically required by it (adjuncts are expected to be extranuclear, i.e., removing an adjunct would leave a grammatically well-formed sentence);
	*'''SPEC''' (i.e., specifier) is an external argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which qualifies (determines) the head;		*'''SPEC''' (i.e., specifier) is an external argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which qualifies (determines) the head;


	== Examples ==		== Examples ==
	Consider, for instance, the examples below:		Consider, for instance, the examples below:

	;Verbal Phrase (VP)		;Verbal Phrase (VP)
	<blockquote>''Peter gave a new book to Mary yesterday in the school.''</blockquote>		<blockquote>''Peter gave a new book to Mary yesterday in the school.''</blockquote>
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	:*"yesterday" and "in the school" are ADJT (adjuncts) of "gave" (because, although relevant, they are not necessary to complete the meaning of "gave")<ref>The sentence "Peter gave a new book to Mary", although less informative, would be still well-formed.</ref>		:*"yesterday" and "in the school" are ADJT (adjuncts) of "gave" (because, although relevant, they are not necessary to complete the meaning of "gave")<ref>The sentence "Peter gave a new book to Mary", although less informative, would be still well-formed.</ref>
	:*"Peter" is the SPEC (specifier) of "gave" (because it is the subject of "gave")		:*"Peter" is the SPEC (specifier) of "gave" (because it is the subject of "gave")

	;Nominal Phrase (NP)		;Nominal Phrase (NP)
	<blockquote>a new book</blockquote>		<blockquote>''a new book''</blockquote>
	:*"book" is the HEAD (nucleus) of the whole NP (because the whole structure is derived from "book")		:*"book" is the HEAD (nucleus) of the whole NP (because the whole structure is derived from "book")
	:*"new" is an ADJT (adjunct) to "book" (because it is not necessary to complete the meaning of "book")<ref>The phrase "a book" would be still meaningful.</ref>		:*"new" is an ADJT (adjunct) to "book" (because it is not necessary to complete the meaning of "book")<ref>The phrase "a book" would be still meaningful.</ref>
	:*"a" is the SPEC (specifier) of "book" (because it determines the reference of "book")		:*"a" is the SPEC (specifier) of "book" (because it determines the reference of "book")
	<blockquote>the construction of Babel</blockquote>		<blockquote>''the construction of Babel''</blockquote>
	:*"construction" is the HEAD (nucleus) of the whole NP (because the whole structure is derived from "construction")		:*"construction" is the HEAD (nucleus) of the whole NP (because the whole structure is derived from "construction")
	:*"of Babel" is a COMP (complement) of "construction" (because it is necessary to complete the meaning of "construction")<ref>The absence of the complement, in certain cases, does not mean that it does not exist. Sentences like "The construction failed" only makes sense when the complement of "construction", although elliptical, is known (from the context, for instance).</ref>		:*"of Babel" is a COMP (complement) of "construction" (because it is necessary to complete the meaning of "construction")<ref>The absence of the complement, in certain cases, does not mean that it does not exist. Sentences like "The construction failed" only makes sense when the complement of "construction", although elliptical, is known (from the context, for instance).</ref>
	:*"the" is the SPEC (specifier) of "book" (because it determines the reference of "book")		:*"the" is the SPEC (specifier) of "book" (because it determines the reference of "book")

	;Adjective Phrase (JP)		;Adjective Phrase (JP)
	<blockquote>very beautiful</blockquote>		<blockquote>''very beautiful''</blockquote>
	:*"beautiful" is the HEAD (nucleus) of the whole JP (because the whole structure is derived from "beautiful")		:*"beautiful" is the HEAD (nucleus) of the whole JP (because the whole structure is derived from "beautiful")
	:*"very" is the SPEC (specifier) of "beautiful" (because it intensifies the meaning of "beautiful")		:*"very" is the SPEC (specifier) of "beautiful" (because it intensifies the meaning of "beautiful")
	<blockquote>loyal to the King</blockquote>		<blockquote>''loyal to the King''</blockquote>
	:*"loyal" is the HEAD (nucleus) of the whole JP (because the whole structure is derived from "loyal")		:*"loyal" is the HEAD (nucleus) of the whole JP (because the whole structure is derived from "loyal")
	:*"to the King" is a COMP (complement) of "loyal" (because it is necessary to complete the meaning of "loyal")<ref>The absence of the complement, in certain cases, does not mean that it does not exist. Sentences like "He is loyal" only makes sense when the complement of "loyal", although elliptical, is known (from the context, for instance).</ref>		:*"to the King" is a COMP (complement) of "loyal" (because it is necessary to complete the meaning of "loyal")<ref>The absence of the complement, in certain cases, does not mean that it does not exist. Sentences like "He is loyal" only makes sense when the complement of "loyal", although elliptical, is known (from the context, for instance).</ref>

	;Adverbial Phrase (AP)		;Adverbial Phrase (AP)
	<blockquote>very sadly</blockquote>		<blockquote>''very sadly''</blockquote>
	:*"sadly" is the HEAD (nucleus) of the whole AP (because the whole structure is derived from "sadly")		:*"sadly" is the HEAD (nucleus) of the whole AP (because the whole structure is derived from "sadly")
	:*"very" is the SPEC (specifier) of "beautiful" (because it intensifies the meaning of "sadly")		:*"very" is the SPEC (specifier) of "beautiful" (because it intensifies the meaning of "sadly")
	<blockquote>contrarily to popular belief</blockquote>		<blockquote>''contrarily to popular belief''</blockquote>
	:*"contrarily" is the HEAD (nucleus) of the whole AP (because the whole structure is derived from "contrarily")		:*"contrarily" is the HEAD (nucleus) of the whole AP (because the whole structure is derived from "contrarily")
	:*"to popular belief" is a COMP (complement) of "contrarily" (because it is necessary to complete the meaning of "contrarily")		:*"to popular belief" is a COMP (complement) of "contrarily" (because it is necessary to complete the meaning of "contrarily")