Subcategorization - Revision history

imported>Martins at 22:50, 25 September 2013

2013-09-25T22:50:50Z

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	*'''[[subcategorization rules]]''', i.e., in case of irregular behaviour (i.e., a set of transformation that is followed by very few words); or		*'''[[subcategorization rules]]''', i.e., in case of irregular behaviour (i.e., a set of transformation that is followed by very few words); or

	For instance, the rule "VS(NP)VC(NP);" (= the verb takes a noun phrase as the specifier and a noun phrase as a complement) is associated to all direct transitive verbs of English (''to buy'', ''to make'', ''to do'', etc) and should be defined, therefore, as a subcategorization frame. The same happens to the rule "VS(NP)VC(PP([on]));" (= the verb takes a noun phrase as the subject and a prepositional phrase headed by "on" as a complement), which is less general, but still quite comprehensive, and would be applicable to all indirect transitive verbs that select the preposition ''on'' (such as ''to depend'', ''to insist'', ''to operate'', etc).		For instance, the rule "VS(NP)VC(NP);" (= the verb takes a noun phrase as the specifier and a noun phrase as a complement) is associated to all direct transitive verbs of English (''to buy'', ''to make'', ''to do'', etc) and should be defined, therefore, as a subcategorization frame. The same happens to the rule "VS(NP)VC(PH([on]));" (= the verb takes a noun phrase as the subject and a prepositional phrase headed by "on" as a complement), which is less general, but still quite comprehensive, and would be applicable to all indirect transitive verbs that select the preposition ''on'' (such as ''to depend'', ''to insist'', ''to operate'', etc).

	;Examples of subcategorization frames		;Examples of subcategorization frames
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	The main difference between subcategorization rules and subcategorization frames is that the former is stored in the dictionary (and hence is activated only when the entry is found in a given corpus) whereas the latter is stored in the grammar and is always processed.		The main difference between subcategorization rules and subcategorization frames is that the former is stored in the dictionary (and hence is activated only when the entry is found in a given corpus) whereas the latter is stored in the grammar and is always processed.

	== Syntax ==		== Syntax ==
	Subcategorization frames and rules are expressed by [[S-rule]]s, a special formalism for representing the syntactic structure of phrases.		Subcategorization frames and rules are expressed by [[S-rule]]s, a special formalism for representing the syntactic structure of phrases.

imported>Martins at 14:56, 2 September 2013

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 == Subcategorization rules and subcategorization frames ==
 In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, subcategorization is indicated by a set of transformations carried over the base form. This set of transformations can be represented by:
 *'''[[subcategorization frames]]''', in case of regular behaviour (i.e., a set of transformations that is followed by several different words)
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 The main difference between subcategorization rules and subcategorization frames is that the former is stored in the dictionary (and hence is activated only when the entry is found in a given corpus) whereas the latter is stored in the grammar and is always processed.
-== Syntax ==
+Where:<br/>
-Subcategorization frames and subcategorization rules are expressed by [[S-rules]], a special formalism for representing the syntactic structure of the phrase.
+== Observations ==
 == Notes ==
 <references />

imported>Martins at 12:33, 2 September 2013

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	== Necessary and optional arguments ==		== Necessary and optional arguments ==
	Subcategorization describes only '''necessary''' arguments, i.e., those that are required by the word in order to form a maximal projection. Optional ~~nodes~~ are not informed inside the subcategorization. For instance:		Subcategorization describes only '''necessary''' arguments, i.e., those that are required by the word in order to form a maximal projection. Optional elements are not informed inside the subcategorization. For instance:
	<blockquote>''Peter killed Mary yesterday in the kitchen with a knife''</blockquote>		<blockquote>''Peter killed Mary yesterday in the kitchen with a knife''</blockquote>
	In the sentence above, we have the following:		In the sentence above, we have the following:
	*"Peter" does not need any argument and may ~~form~~ a NP alone		*"Peter" (N) does not need any argument and may project a NP alone
	"killed" needs two arguments in order to ~~form~~ a minimal VP: "Peter" (specifier) and "Mary" (complement). The other phrases ("yesterday", "in the kitchen" and "with a knife") are not necessary for a minimal VP.<ref>Note that "Peter killed Mary" would be already a well-formed VP. This is not the case of "killed", "Peter killed" and "killed Mary".</ref>		"killed" (V) needs two arguments in order to project a minimal VP: "Peter" (specifier) and "Mary" (complement). The other phrases ("yesterday", "in the kitchen" and "with a knife") are not necessary for a minimal VP.<ref>Note that "Peter killed Mary" would be already a well-formed VP. This is not the case of "killed", "Peter killed" and "killed Mary".</ref>
	*"Mary" does not need any argument and may ~~form~~ a NP alone		*"Mary" (N) does not need any argument and may project a NP alone
	*"yesterday" does not need any argument and may ~~form~~ a AP alone		*"yesterday" (A) does not need any argument and may project a AP alone
	*"in" needs a complement in order to ~~form~~ a minimal PP		*"in" (P) needs a complement in order to project a minimal PP
	*"the" does not need any argument and may ~~form~~ a DP alone		*"the" (D) does not need any argument and may project a DP alone
	*"kitchen" does not need any argument and may ~~form~~ a NP alone (as in "I love kitchens")		*"kitchen" (N) does not need any argument and may project a NP alone (as in "I love kitchens")
	*"with" needs a complement in order to ~~form~~ a minimal PP		*"with" (P) needs a complement in order to project a minimal PP
	*"a" does not need any argument and may ~~form~~ a DP alone		*"a" (D) does not need any argument and may project a DP alone
	*"knife" does not need any argument and may ~~form~~ a NP alone (as in "I hate knives")		*"knife" (N) does not need any argument and may project a NP alone (as in "I hate knives")
	It is important to differentiate then between constituents that are NECESSARY to form a maximal projection, and constituents that, although important, are not necessary to form a maximal projection. Subcategorization concerns only necessary constituents, i.e., the subcategorization of "killed" will not include "yesterday", "in the kitchen" or "with a knife", for instance.		It is important to differentiate then between constituents that are NECESSARY to form a maximal projection, and constituents that, although important, are not necessary to form a maximal projection. Subcategorization concerns only necessary constituents, i.e., the subcategorization of "killed" will not include "yesterday", "in the kitchen" or "with a knife", for instance.

imported>Martins at 15:38, 14 August 2013

2013-08-14T15:38:25Z

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	*"a" does not need any argument and may form a DP alone		*"a" does not need any argument and may form a DP alone
	*"knife" does not need any argument and may form a NP alone (as in "I hate knives")		*"knife" does not need any argument and may form a NP alone (as in "I hate knives")
	It is important to differentiate then between constituents that are NECESSARY to form a maximal projection, and constituents that, although important, are not necessary to form a maximal projection. Subcategorization concerns only necessary constituents, i.e., the subcategorization of "killed" will not include "yesterday", "in the kitchen" or "with a knife", for instance).		It is important to differentiate then between constituents that are NECESSARY to form a maximal projection, and constituents that, although important, are not necessary to form a maximal projection. Subcategorization concerns only necessary constituents, i.e., the subcategorization of "killed" will not include "yesterday", "in the kitchen" or "with a knife", for instance.

	== Subcategorization rules and subcategorization frames ==		== Subcategorization rules and subcategorization frames ==

imported>Martins at 14:10, 14 August 2013

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	Subcategorization frames and subcategorization rules are expressed by [[S-rules]], a special formalism for representing the syntactic structure of the phrase.		Subcategorization frames and subcategorization rules are expressed by [[S-rules]], a special formalism for representing the syntactic structure of the phrase.

			== Notes ==
			<references />

imported>Martins at 14:10, 14 August 2013

2013-08-14T14:10:31Z

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	In the sentence above, we have the following:		In the sentence above, we have the following:
	*"Peter" does not need any argument and may form a NP alone		*"Peter" does not need any argument and may form a NP alone
	*"killed" needs two arguments in order to form a minimal VP: Peter (specifier) and Mary (complement). The other phrases ("yesterday", "in the kitchen" and "with a knife") are not necessary for a minimal VP.		"killed" needs two arguments in order to form a minimal VP: "Peter" (specifier) and "Mary" (complement). The other phrases ("yesterday", "in the kitchen" and "with a knife") are not necessary for a minimal VP.<ref>Note that "Peter killed Mary" would be already a well-formed VP. This is not the case of "killed", "Peter killed" and "killed Mary".</ref>
	*"Mary" does not need any argument and may form a NP alone		*"Mary" does not need any argument and may form a NP alone
	*"yesterday" does not need any argument and may form a AP alone		*"yesterday" does not need any argument and may form a AP alone

imported>Martins at 14:08, 14 August 2013

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	Subcategorization describes only '''necessary''' arguments, i.e., those that are required by the word in order to form a maximal projection. Optional nodes are not informed inside the subcategorization. For instance:		Subcategorization describes only '''necessary''' arguments, i.e., those that are required by the word in order to form a maximal projection. Optional nodes are not informed inside the subcategorization. For instance:
	<blockquote>''Peter killed Mary yesterday in the kitchen with a knife''</blockquote>		<blockquote>''Peter killed Mary yesterday in the kitchen with a knife''</blockquote>
	In the sentence above, we have the following ~~necessary arguments~~:		In the sentence above, we have the following:
	*"Peter" does not need any argument and may form a NP alone		*"Peter" does not need any argument and may form a NP alone
	*"killed" needs two arguments in order to form a minimal VP: Peter (specifier) and Mary (complement). The other phrases ("yesterday", "in the kitchen" and "with a knife") are not necessary for a minimal VP.		*"killed" needs two arguments in order to form a minimal VP: Peter (specifier) and Mary (complement). The other phrases ("yesterday", "in the kitchen" and "with a knife") are not necessary for a minimal VP.

imported>Martins at 14:07, 14 August 2013

2013-08-14T14:07:04Z

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	== Necessary and optional arguments ==		== Necessary and optional arguments ==
	Subcategorization describes only '''necessary''' arguments, i.e., those that are required by the word in order to form a maximal projection. Optional nodes are not informed inside the subcategorization. For instance:		Subcategorization describes only '''necessary''' arguments, i.e., those that are required by the word in order to form a maximal projection. Optional nodes are not informed inside the subcategorization. For instance:
	<blockquote>Peter killed Mary yesterday in the kitchen with a knife</blockquote>		<blockquote>''Peter killed Mary yesterday in the kitchen with a knife''</blockquote>
	In the sentence above, we have the following necessary arguments:		In the sentence above, we have the following necessary arguments:
	*"Peter" does not need any argument and may form a NP alone		*"Peter" does not need any argument and may form a NP alone
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	*"knife" does not need any argument and may form a NP alone (as in "I hate knives")		*"knife" does not need any argument and may form a NP alone (as in "I hate knives")
	It is important to differentiate then between constituents that are NECESSARY to form a maximal projection, and constituents that, although important, are not necessary to form a maximal projection. Subcategorization concerns only necessary constituents, i.e., the subcategorization of "killed" will not include "yesterday", "in the kitchen" or "with a knife", for instance).		It is important to differentiate then between constituents that are NECESSARY to form a maximal projection, and constituents that, although important, are not necessary to form a maximal projection. Subcategorization concerns only necessary constituents, i.e., the subcategorization of "killed" will not include "yesterday", "in the kitchen" or "with a knife", for instance).


	== Subcategorization rules and subcategorization frames ==		== Subcategorization rules and subcategorization frames ==

imported>Martins at 14:06, 14 August 2013

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 == What is subcategorization ==
 The idea of a subcategorization is related to the concepts of [[valency]] and [[transitivity]]. Subcategorization rules are schemes that define the number and the type of specifiers, complements and adjuncts that a [[base form]] needs to constitute its corresponding [[Syntax|maximal projection]].
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 A subcategorization rule is the syntactic device that describes these conditions, i.e., what is really necessary  (the obligatory constituents) for a form to project its corresponding maximal projection.
 == Subcategorization rules and subcategorization frames ==

imported>Martins at 13:31, 14 August 2013

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	*'''[[subcategorization frames]]''', in case of regular behaviour (i.e., a set of transformations that is followed by several different words)		*'''[[subcategorization frames]]''', in case of regular behaviour (i.e., a set of transformations that is followed by several different words)
	*'''[[subcategorization rules]]''', i.e., in case of irregular behaviour (i.e., a set of transformation that is followed by very few words); or		*'''[[subcategorization rules]]''', i.e., in case of irregular behaviour (i.e., a set of transformation that is followed by very few words); or
	*'''subcategorization frames''' and '''subcategorization rules''', in case of quasi-regular behaviour (i.e., when the word is mainly regular but has some subcategorization particularities).

	For instance, the rule "VS(NP)VC(NP);" (= the verb takes a noun phrase as the specifier and a noun phrase as a complement) is associated to all direct transitive verbs of English (''to buy'', ''to make'', ''to do'', etc) and should be defined, therefore, as a subcategorization frame. The same happens to the rule "VS(NP)VC(PP([on]));" (= the verb takes a noun phrase as the subject and a prepositional phrase headed by "on" as a complement), which is less general, but still quite comprehensive, and would be applicable to all indirect transitive verbs that select the preposition ''on'' (such as ''to depend'', ''to insist'', ''to operate'', etc).		For instance, the rule "VS(NP)VC(NP);" (= the verb takes a noun phrase as the specifier and a noun phrase as a complement) is associated to all direct transitive verbs of English (''to buy'', ''to make'', ''to do'', etc) and should be defined, therefore, as a subcategorization frame. The same happens to the rule "VS(NP)VC(PP([on]));" (= the verb takes a noun phrase as the subject and a prepositional phrase headed by "on" as a complement), which is less general, but still quite comprehensive, and would be applicable to all indirect transitive verbs that select the preposition ''on'' (such as ''to depend'', ''to insist'', ''to operate'', etc).
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	:etc.		:etc.

			The number and the type of arguments, however, is not often as regular as described above. Consider, for instance, the case of the "throw someone to the lions" or "behind one's back". These expressions can be considered to follow general subcategorization frames (ditransitive verbs, in case of "throw someone to the lions", and transitive prepositions, in case of "behind one's back"), but they are actually quite more specific and need to be treated separately. In the first case, we have to inform that the direct object of "throw" is a person and that the indirect object is a fixed expression "to the lions"; likewise, we have to inform that the object of "behind" is a person in genitive case followed by the fixed word "back". As this behavior is very specific, it is defined by subcategorization rules instead of subcategorization frames.

			;Examples of subcategorization rules:
			:VS(NP)VC(NP,HUM)VC(PP("to the lions")); (the specifier of the verb is a NP, the complement is a NP with the feature HUM (human) and the second complement is the particular PP "to the lions"
			:PC(NA(N,HUM;NP([back])); (the complement of the preposition is a NP whose head is a N with the feature HUM (human) and with the NP "back" as its adjunct

			The main difference between subcategorization rules and subcategorization frames is that the former is stored in the dictionary (and hence is activated only when the entry is found in a given corpus) whereas the latter is stored in the grammar and is always processed.

	== Syntax ==		== Syntax ==

	Subcategorization frames and subcategorization rules are expressed by [[S-rules]], a special formalism for representing the syntactic structure of the phrase.		Subcategorization frames and subcategorization rules are expressed by [[S-rules]], a special formalism for representing the syntactic structure of the phrase.