Lexical Realisation Unit - Revision history

imported>Ephackett at 03:49, 7 July 2018

2018-07-07T03:49:00Z

imported>Vzakharov at 09:11, 23 August 2012

2012-08-23T09:11:22Z

imported>Martins at 14:39, 21 June 2011

2011-06-21T14:39:16Z

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	The UNLarium is first and foremost a generation-driven framework, which has been developed mainly to provide resources for generating natural language texts out of UNL graphs. In that sense, UNLarium entries should correspond to the most likely '''realisations''', in a given language, of a given concept (i.e., a '''UW'''). The expression “realisation" stands here for a mixture of wording and phrasing, i.e., the manner in which the concept is articulated in a given language. For instance, the UW 109358358 (= “the natural satellite of the Earth”) is realised, in English, by the word “moon”; in French, by “lune”; in German, by “Mond”; in Russian, by “луна”; in Spanish, by “luna”; in Chinese, by 月; and so on. Your first task in the UNLarium is exactly to find out linguistic realisations for UWs, which will be always presented by their corresponding definition in English.		The UNLarium is first and foremost a generation-driven framework, which has been developed mainly to provide resources for generating natural language texts out of UNL graphs. In that sense, UNLarium entries should correspond to the most likely '''realisations''', in a given language, of a given concept (i.e., a '''UW'''). The expression “realisation" stands here for a mixture of wording and phrasing, i.e., the manner in which the concept is articulated in a given language. For instance, the UW 109358358 (= “the natural satellite of the Earth”) is realised, in English, by the word “moon”; in French, by “lune”; in German, by “Mond”; in Russian, by “луна”; in Spanish, by “luna”; in Chinese, by 月; and so on. Your first task in the UNLarium is exactly to find out linguistic realisations for UWs, which will be always presented by their corresponding definition in English.

	LRs, however, are not simply linguistic realisations; they are '''lexical''' realisations. This means that LRs should correspond to the units of the vocabulary of a language, i.e., to a "lexical item". Let’s come back to our previous example. Apart from “moon”, the UW 109358358 can be realised, in English, by the ~~very~~ expression “the natural satellite of the Earth”, which is indeed very frequent (2.130.000 occurrences in Google). This expression, however, is a “definition” rather than a “lexical realisation” for the UW, and should therefore not correspond to a LR.		LRs, however, are not simply linguistic realisations; they are '''lexical''' realisations. This means that LRs should correspond to the units of the vocabulary of a language, i.e., to a "lexical item". Let’s come back to our previous example. Apart from “moon”, the UW 109358358 can be realised, in English, by the expression “the natural satellite of the Earth”, which is indeed very frequent (2.130.000 occurrences in Google). This expression, however, is a “definition” rather than a “lexical realisation” for the UW, and should therefore not correspond to a LR.

	The differences between definitions and lexical items, or between “defining” and “naming” a concept, are fairly subjective, and are normally ascribed to the compositionality (or analyticity) of the candidate term: if the meaning of the compound can be reduced to the combination of the meaning of its components, it is said to be simply a definition; otherwise, i.e., if there is a sort of semantic surplus, a supplementary (or even complementary) sense added to the simple combination, the term is considered a lexical item. The above-mentioned expression "the natural satellite of the Earth", for instance, does not bring any new semantic content to the ones conveyed by its components. This is not the case of "geostationary communications satellite", which subsumes the idea of "orbit" which is not explicitly present in the compound. Accordingly, "geostationary communications satellite" (208.000 occurrences in Google) should be treated as a LR, whereas "the natural satellite of the Earth", in spite of its higher frequency, should not.		The differences between definitions and lexical items, or between “defining” and “naming” a concept, are fairly subjective, and are normally ascribed to the compositionality (or analyticity) of the candidate term: if the meaning of the compound can be reduced to the combination of the meaning of its components, it is said to be simply a definition; otherwise, i.e., if there is a sort of semantic surplus, a supplementary (or even complementary) sense added to the simple combination, the term is considered a lexical item. The above-mentioned expression "the natural satellite of the Earth", for instance, does not bring any new semantic content to the ones conveyed by its components. This is not the case of "geostationary communications satellite", which subsumes the idea of "orbit" which is not explicitly present in the compound. Accordingly, "geostationary communications satellite" (208.000 occurrences in Google) should be treated as a LR, whereas "the natural satellite of the Earth", in spite of its higher frequency, should not.

imported>Yoryisn at 10:01, 12 October 2010

2010-10-12T10:01:14Z

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	\|-		\|-
	\|a person whose occupation is teaching		\|a person whose occupation is teaching
	\|~~professor~~ (male singular), ~~professores~~ (male plural), ~~professora~~ (female singular), ~~professoras~~ (female plural) (Spanish)		\|profesor (male singular), profesores (male plural), profesora (female singular), profesoras (female plural) (Spanish)
	\|~~professor~~		\|profesor
	\|-		\|-
	\|solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times		\|solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times

imported>Admin at 16:02, 26 January 2010

2010-01-26T16:02:54Z

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	In both cases, there will be no realisation to be informed, and it is important to indicate, in the UNLarium, that the concept has not been lexicalized yet, which means that it can be expressed in the target language only by means of definitions (periphrases) and other semantically related (and inaccurate) LRUs (such as hyponyms or hypernyms). This is done by informing that the Lexical Realisation Set is empty.		In both cases, there will be no realisation to be informed, and it is important to indicate, in the UNLarium, that the concept has not been lexicalized yet, which means that it can be expressed in the target language only by means of definitions (periphrases) and other semantically related (and inaccurate) LRUs (such as hyponyms or hypernyms). This is done by informing that the Lexical Realisation Set is empty.





	== Examples ==		== Examples ==

imported>Admin at 16:02, 26 January 2010

2010-01-26T16:02:32Z

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	~~== How to express a LRU ==~~
	~~In the UNLarium, LRUs are represented by a canonical form, to be obtained as follows:~~
	*'''Subwords''' are to be expressed by their corresponding lemma without any special sign. Allomorphs (such as "es" for plural) will be generated by special rules and should not be represented:
	** s (and not "-s")
	** un (and not "un-")
	** chrono (and not "chrono-")
	*'''Simple words''' are to be expressed by the lemma of the corresponding lexeme
	** happy
	** unhappy
	** unhappiness
	** table
	** foot
	** clothes
	** love
	** be
	*'''Multiword expressions''' are to be expressed as continuous sequences of the required lexemes, which should be represented by their corresponding lemma, if variable, or by their word form, otherwise:
	** get over
	** take into account (and not "take something into account", or "take <something> into account", or "take ... into account", etc)
	** throw to the lions (and not "throw to the lion")

	== Examples ==		== Examples ==

imported>Admin at 16:02, 26 January 2010

2010-01-26T16:02:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:02, 26 January 2010
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	In both cases, there will be no realisation to be informed, and it is important to indicate, in the UNLarium, that the concept has not been lexicalized yet, which means that it can be expressed in the target language only by means of definitions (periphrases) and other semantically related (and inaccurate) LRUs (such as hyponyms or hypernyms). This is done by informing that the Lexical Realisation Set is empty.		In both cases, there will be no realisation to be informed, and it is important to indicate, in the UNLarium, that the concept has not been lexicalized yet, which means that it can be expressed in the target language only by means of definitions (periphrases) and other semantically related (and inaccurate) LRUs (such as hyponyms or hypernyms). This is done by informing that the Lexical Realisation Set is empty.

	~~== Types of LRU ==~~

	~~In the UNLarium framework, there can be three different types of LRUs, depending on their internal structure:~~

	~~{{#tree:id=tagset\|openlevels=0\|root=Lexical Structure (LST)\|~~
	*subword (SBW) (bound morpheme)
	*simple word (WRD) (lexeme)
	**abbreviation (ABB) and single-word contraction
	*multiword expression (MTW) (more than one lexeme)
	**acronym (ACR) and initialism
	**multiple-word contraction (CTT) and blends
	}}


	'''Subwords''' (SBW) are LRUs that do not have independent existence in the language and only appear together with other morphemes to form a lexeme. Subword LRUs include affixes (such as "un-", "re-", "-ful", "-ness") and roots that do not occur alone (such as "rupt" in "interrupt", "disrupt", "corrupt", "rupture", etc).

	~~'''Simple Words''' (WRD) are the smallest (indivisible) lexemes in the semantic system of a language. They may consist of:~~
	*one single free morpheme (such as "happy", "break");
	*one single free morpheme and bound morphemes ("unhappy", "happiness", "happily", "unbreakable", "unbreakableness"); and
	*compounds of bound morphemes (such as "interrupt", "disrupt", "corrupt").

	~~Simple words may also include abbreviations (such as "ad", for advertisement) and single-word contractions (such as "dr." and "St." ).~~

	'''Multiword Expressions''' (MTW) are lexical structures made up of a sequence of two or more lexemes. They can be concatenated ("darkroom", "skinhead") or isolated by hyphens ("blue-green", "African-American") or blank spaces ("round table", "part of speech"). Multiword expressions can be continuous ("get over") or discontinuous ("get <something> together"). They correspond to compounds ("fireman", "hardware"), phrases ("in spite of", "take into account"), idioms ("kick the bucket", "play cat and mouse"), fragments of sentences ("and so on", "whatever the case") or sentences ("Every evil is followed by some good", "No flies enter a mouth that is shut").

	Multiword expressions may also include acronyms (such as "UNESCO"), multiple-word contractions (such as "don't") and blends (such as "sitcom") that are still analysable (differently from "radar" and "motel", which are represented as simple words).

	Classical compounds ("agriculture", "photograph") and their derivations ("agricultural", "photographically") are to be treated as simple words if they do not include more than one free morpheme. Phrasal verbs ("give in", "come across") are treated as multiword expressions.

	== How to express a LRU ==		== How to express a LRU ==

imported>Admin at 15:33, 18 January 2010

2010-01-18T15:33:10Z

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	*subword (SBW) (bound morpheme)		*subword (SBW) (bound morpheme)
	*simple word (WRD) (lexeme)		*simple word (WRD) (lexeme)
	**abbreviation (ABB)		**abbreviation (ABB) and single-word contraction
	*multiword expression (MTW) (more than one lexeme)		*multiword expression (MTW) (more than one lexeme)
	**acronym (ACR)		**acronym (ACR) and initialism
	**contraction (CTT)		**multiple-word contraction (CTT) and blends
	}}		}}

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	*compounds of bound morphemes (such as "interrupt", "disrupt", "corrupt").		*compounds of bound morphemes (such as "interrupt", "disrupt", "corrupt").

	Simple words may also include abbreviations (such as "dr.").		Simple words may also include abbreviations (such as "ad", for advertisement) and single-word contractions (such as "dr." and "St." ).

	'''Multiword Expressions''' (MTW) are lexical structures made up of a sequence of two or more lexemes. They can be concatenated ("darkroom", "skinhead") or isolated by hyphens ("blue-green", "African-American") or blank spaces ("round table", "part of speech"). Multiword expressions can be continuous ("get over") or discontinuous ("get <something> together"). They correspond to compounds ("fireman", "hardware"), phrases ("in spite of", "take into account"), idioms ("kick the bucket", "play cat and mouse"), fragments of sentences ("and so on", "whatever the case") or sentences ("Every evil is followed by some good", "No flies enter a mouth that is shut").		'''Multiword Expressions''' (MTW) are lexical structures made up of a sequence of two or more lexemes. They can be concatenated ("darkroom", "skinhead") or isolated by hyphens ("blue-green", "African-American") or blank spaces ("round table", "part of speech"). Multiword expressions can be continuous ("get over") or discontinuous ("get <something> together"). They correspond to compounds ("fireman", "hardware"), phrases ("in spite of", "take into account"), idioms ("kick the bucket", "play cat and mouse"), fragments of sentences ("and so on", "whatever the case") or sentences ("Every evil is followed by some good", "No flies enter a mouth that is shut").

	Multiword expressions may also include acronyms (such as "UNESCO") ~~and~~ contractions (such as "don't").		Multiword expressions may also include acronyms (such as "UNESCO"), multiple-word contractions (such as "don't") and blends (such as "sitcom") that are still analysable (differently from "radar" and "motel", which are represented as simple words).

	Classical compounds ("agriculture", "photograph") and their derivations ("agricultural", "photographically") are to be treated as simple words if they do not include more than one free morpheme. Phrasal verbs ("give in", "come across") are treated as multiword expressions.		Classical compounds ("agriculture", "photograph") and their derivations ("agricultural", "photographically") are to be treated as simple words if they do not include more than one free morpheme. Phrasal verbs ("give in", "come across") are treated as multiword expressions.

imported>Admin at 09:55, 18 January 2010

2010-01-18T09:55:19Z

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	*multiword expression (MTW) (more than one lexeme)		*multiword expression (MTW) (more than one lexeme)
	**acronym (ACR)		**acronym (ACR)
	**contraction (~~CNT~~)		**contraction (CTT)
	}}		}}

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	'''Multiword Expressions''' (MTW) are lexical structures made up of a sequence of two or more lexemes. They can be concatenated ("darkroom", "skinhead") or isolated by hyphens ("blue-green", "African-American") or blank spaces ("round table", "part of speech"). Multiword expressions can be continuous ("get over") or discontinuous ("get <something> together"). They correspond to compounds ("fireman", "hardware"), phrases ("in spite of", "take into account"), idioms ("kick the bucket", "play cat and mouse"), fragments of sentences ("and so on", "whatever the case") or sentences ("Every evil is followed by some good", "No flies enter a mouth that is shut").		'''Multiword Expressions''' (MTW) are lexical structures made up of a sequence of two or more lexemes. They can be concatenated ("darkroom", "skinhead") or isolated by hyphens ("blue-green", "African-American") or blank spaces ("round table", "part of speech"). Multiword expressions can be continuous ("get over") or discontinuous ("get <something> together"). They correspond to compounds ("fireman", "hardware"), phrases ("in spite of", "take into account"), idioms ("kick the bucket", "play cat and mouse"), fragments of sentences ("and so on", "whatever the case") or sentences ("Every evil is followed by some good", "No flies enter a mouth that is shut").

	Multiword expressions also include acronyms (such as "UNESCO") and contractions (such as "don't").		Multiword expressions may also include acronyms (such as "UNESCO") and contractions (such as "don't").

	Classical compounds ("agriculture", "photograph") and their derivations ("agricultural", "photographically") are to be treated as simple words if they do not include more than one free morpheme. Phrasal verbs ("give in", "come across") are treated as multiword expressions.		Classical compounds ("agriculture", "photograph") and their derivations ("agricultural", "photographically") are to be treated as simple words if they do not include more than one free morpheme. Phrasal verbs ("give in", "come across") are treated as multiword expressions.

imported>Admin at 09:50, 18 January 2010

2010-01-18T09:50:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:50, 18 January 2010
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	*subword (SBW) (bound morpheme)		*subword (SBW) (bound morpheme)
	*simple word (WRD) (lexeme)		*simple word (WRD) (lexeme)
			**abbreviation (ABB)
	*multiword expression (MTW) (more than one lexeme)		*multiword expression (MTW) (more than one lexeme)
			**acronym (ACR)
			**contraction (CNT)
	}}		}}

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	*one single free morpheme and bound morphemes ("unhappy", "happiness", "happily", "unbreakable", "unbreakableness"); and		*one single free morpheme and bound morphemes ("unhappy", "happiness", "happily", "unbreakable", "unbreakableness"); and
	*compounds of bound morphemes (such as "interrupt", "disrupt", "corrupt").		*compounds of bound morphemes (such as "interrupt", "disrupt", "corrupt").

			Simple words may also include abbreviations (such as "dr.").

	'''Multiword Expressions''' (MTW) are lexical structures made up of a sequence of two or more lexemes. They can be concatenated ("darkroom", "skinhead") or isolated by hyphens ("blue-green", "African-American") or blank spaces ("round table", "part of speech"). Multiword expressions can be continuous ("get over") or discontinuous ("get <something> together"). They correspond to compounds ("fireman", "hardware"), phrases ("in spite of", "take into account"), idioms ("kick the bucket", "play cat and mouse"), fragments of sentences ("and so on", "whatever the case") or sentences ("Every evil is followed by some good", "No flies enter a mouth that is shut").		'''Multiword Expressions''' (MTW) are lexical structures made up of a sequence of two or more lexemes. They can be concatenated ("darkroom", "skinhead") or isolated by hyphens ("blue-green", "African-American") or blank spaces ("round table", "part of speech"). Multiword expressions can be continuous ("get over") or discontinuous ("get <something> together"). They correspond to compounds ("fireman", "hardware"), phrases ("in spite of", "take into account"), idioms ("kick the bucket", "play cat and mouse"), fragments of sentences ("and so on", "whatever the case") or sentences ("Every evil is followed by some good", "No flies enter a mouth that is shut").

			Multiword expressions also include acronyms (such as "UNESCO") and contractions (such as "don't").

	Classical compounds ("agriculture", "photograph") and their derivations ("agricultural", "photographically") are to be treated as simple words if they do not include more than one free morpheme. Phrasal verbs ("give in", "come across") are treated as multiword expressions.		Classical compounds ("agriculture", "photograph") and their derivations ("agricultural", "photographically") are to be treated as simple words if they do not include more than one free morpheme. Phrasal verbs ("give in", "come across") are treated as multiword expressions.