How to create a UW - Revision history

imported>Martins at 19:26, 18 February 2014

2014-02-18T19:26:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:26, 18 February 2014
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	\|The common noun, translated or transliterated into English		\|The common noun, translated or transliterated into English
	\|align=center\|icl		\|align=center\|icl
	\|The general class to which the common noun ~~belongs~~		\|The general class to which the common noun is a subclass (i.e., a hyponym)
	\|paella(icl>food)<br />lasagna(icl>food)<br />kimono(icl>clothing)<br />acetazolamide(icl>drug)<br />baseball(icl>sport)<br />crocodile(icl>reptile)<br />ikebana(icl>art)<br />		\|paella(icl>food)<br />lasagna(icl>food)<br />kimono(icl>clothing)<br />acetazolamide(icl>drug)<br />baseball(icl>sport)<br />crocodile(icl>reptile)<br />ikebana(icl>art)<br />
	\|-		\|-
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	\|The common noun, translated or transliterated into English		\|The common noun, translated or transliterated into English
	\|align=center\|icl		\|align=center\|icl
	\|The general class to which the common noun ~~belongs~~		\|The general class to which the common noun is a subclass (i.e., a hyponym)
	\|ataraxia(icl>state)<br />cheromania(icl>mania)<br />cherophobia(icl>phobia)<br />eudaimonism(icl>system)<br />macarism(icl>practice)		\|ataraxia(icl>state)<br />cheromania(icl>mania)<br />cherophobia(icl>phobia)<br />eudaimonism(icl>system)<br />macarism(icl>practice)
	\|-		\|-

imported>Martins at 19:24, 18 February 2014

2014-02-18T19:24:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:24, 18 February 2014
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	\|-		\|-
	\|VERBS		\|VERBS
	\|The verb, translated or transliterated into English		\|The verb, translated or transliterated into English, preceded by the particle "to"<ref>The particle "to" is required to differentiate between verbs and nouns, because both use the same "icl" relation.</ref>
	\|align=center\|icl		\|align=center\|icl
	\|The general ~~class~~ to ~~which~~ the ~~common noun belongs~~		\|The general event of which the verb is a troponym<ref>The notion of troponymy was proposed by Christiane Fellbaum and George Miller in Fellbaum, C; Miller, G (1990). "Folk psychology or semantic entailment? A reply to Rips and Conrad (1989)". Psychological Review 97: 565–570. According to the authors, a troponym is a particular way of executing a more general action or process. For instance: "to nibble" and "to gorge" are particular ways of "eating".</ref>
	\|		\|to die(icl>to change state)<br />to nibble(icl>to eat)<br />to gorge(icl>to eat)<br />to traipse(icl>to walk)<br />to mince(icl>to walk)
	\|}		\|}

	== Notes ==		== Notes ==
	<references />		<references />

imported>Martins at 19:17, 18 February 2014

2014-02-18T19:17:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:17, 18 February 2014
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	The [[UNL Dictionary]] is never completed. It is expected to contain all the concepts that are lexicalized in at least one language. These include:		The [[UNL Dictionary]] is never completed. It is expected to contain all the concepts that are lexicalized in at least one language. These include:
	*local concepts (i.e., concepts that are culture-bound and must be borrowed from the source language)<ref>Consider, for instance, the case of the word "ilunga", from Tshiluba, which means "a person who is ready to forgive any transgression a first time and then to tolerate it for a second time, but never for a third time". This is considered to be a "local" concept in the sense that it cannot be "replaced" by one single lexical item by English, although it can be "explained" in English.</ref>;		*local concepts (i.e., concepts that are culture-bound and must be borrowed from the source language)<ref>Consider, for instance, the case of the word "ilunga", from Tshiluba, which means "a person who is ready to forgive any transgression a first time and then to tolerate it for a second time, but never for a third time". This is considered to be a "local" concept in the sense that it cannot be "replaced" by one single lexical item of English, although it can be "explained" in English.</ref>;
	*local named entities (i.e., names of rivers, mountains, beaches, cities, states, neighborhoods, brands, companies, rulers, celebrities, works of art, etc., that have been acknowledged by local encyclopedias)		*local named entities (i.e., names of rivers, mountains, beaches, cities, states, neighborhoods, brands, companies, rulers, celebrities, works of art, etc., that have been acknowledged by local encyclopedias)
	*local products and practices (i.e., names of food, clothing, rituals, festivities, etc., which are specific to a given region)		*local products and practices (i.e., names of food, clothing, rituals, festivities, etc., which are specific to a given region)

imported>Martins at 19:15, 18 February 2014

2014-02-18T19:15:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:15, 18 February 2014
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	\|align=center\|icl		\|align=center\|icl
	\|where, when		\|where, when
	\|here(icl>where),there(icl>where),now(icl>when),then(icl>when)		\|here(icl>where)<br />there(icl>where)<br />now(icl>when)<br />then(icl>when)
	\|-		\|-
	\|VERBS		\|VERBS

imported>Martins at 19:14, 18 February 2014

2014-02-18T19:14:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:14, 18 February 2014
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	*local named entities (i.e., names of rivers, mountains, beaches, cities, states, neighborhoods, brands, companies, rulers, celebrities, works of art, etc., that have been acknowledged by local encyclopedias)		*local named entities (i.e., names of rivers, mountains, beaches, cities, states, neighborhoods, brands, companies, rulers, celebrities, works of art, etc., that have been acknowledged by local encyclopedias)
	*local products and practices (i.e., names of food, clothing, rituals, festivities, etc., which are specific to a given region)		*local products and practices (i.e., names of food, clothing, rituals, festivities, etc., which are specific to a given region)
	All these concepts, if lexicalized (i.e., acknowledged as a "lexical unit", to be included as entries in ordinary dictionaries or encyclopedias) in at least one language, must be included in the UNL Dictionary as [[Universal Words]].		All these concepts, if lexicalized<ref>i.e., acknowledged as a "lexical unit", to be included as entries in ordinary dictionaries or encyclopedias</ref> in at least one language, must be included in the UNL Dictionary as [[Universal Words]].

	== Universal Word (UW) ==		== Universal Word (UW) ==
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	In the above:		In the above:
	*'''LRU''' stands for [[Lexical Realisation Unit]], i.e., the name of the entity/concept. It can be a proper name (such as "Pablo Picasso", "Guernica", "Spanish Civil War", "Spanish Republican Armed Forces", "Facebook", "Candy Crush", etc.) or a common name ("paella", "baga ghanoush", "latifundium", "ilunga", etc.). For the time being, in order to ensure cross-language understanding, the name must be expressed in the way it is normally translated into English (i.e., "Spain", instead of "España", "Greece" instead of "Ελλάδα", "baba ghanoush" instead of "بابا غنوج", etc.).<ref>Note, however, that many concepts are only transliterated into English (e.~~g.,~~ "paella", "latifundium" and "ilunga" normally appear as such in English texts, even though they are not English words, i.e., they are not really translated, but borrowed, as loan words). Normally, in these cases, the words are represented in italic or between quotes in English texts, or are followed by a translator's note.</ref> In any case, the LRU is a "lexical unit", i.e., a real word (either simple or complex), and never an expression used to define the word. For instance, the LRU for "baba ghanoush" is "baba ghanoush" and not "dish of eggplant mashed and mixed with olive oil and various seasonings".		*'''LRU''' stands for [[Lexical Realisation Unit]], i.e., the name of the entity/concept. It can be a proper name (such as "Pablo Picasso", "Guernica", "Spanish Civil War", "Spanish Republican Armed Forces", "Facebook", "Candy Crush", etc.) or a common name ("paella", "baga ghanoush", "latifundium", "ilunga", etc.). For the time being, in order to ensure cross-language understanding, the name must be expressed in the way it is normally translated into English (i.e., "Spain", instead of "España", "Greece" instead of "Ελλάδα", "baba ghanoush" instead of "بابا غنوج", etc.).<ref>Note, however, that many concepts are only transliterated into English. For instance: "paella", "latifundium" and "ilunga" normally appear as such in English texts, even though they are not English words, i.e., they are not really translated, but borrowed, as loan words. Normally, in these cases, the words are represented in italic or between quotes in English texts, or are followed by a translator's note.</ref> In any case, the LRU is a "lexical unit", i.e., a real word (either simple or complex), and never an expression used to define the word. For instance, the LRU for "baba ghanoush" is "baba ghanoush" and not "dish of eggplant mashed and mixed with olive oil and various seasonings".
	*'''CLASSIFIER''' is a category used to disambiguate and classify the LRU. It must be UW already defined in the UNL KB, and normally describes a general class or category (such as "person", "country", "city", etc.) to which the LRU may be linked.		*'''CLASSIFIER''' is a category used to disambiguate and classify the LRU. It must be UW already defined in the UNL KB, and normally describes a general class or category (such as "person", "country", "city", etc.) to which the LRU may be linked.
	*'''RELATION''' is a [[Universal Relation]]s used to link the LRU to the CLASSIFIER. We normally use one of the following ontological relations:		*'''RELATION''' is a [[Universal Relation]]s used to link the LRU to the CLASSIFIER. We normally use one of the following ontological relations:
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	:UWs correspond to concepts that we have to translate from language to language. Do not include, in the UNL Dictionary, named entities that are not translatable, such as "09:05:14", "715 Broadway, 7th floor, New York, NY 10003 USA", "+41 22 8090 8090", "info@undlfoundation.org" or "www.undlfoundation.org".		:UWs correspond to concepts that we have to translate from language to language. Do not include, in the UNL Dictionary, named entities that are not translatable, such as "09:05:14", "715 Broadway, 7th floor, New York, NY 10003 USA", "+41 22 8090 8090", "info@undlfoundation.org" or "www.undlfoundation.org".
	;2. Non-Compositionality		;2. Non-Compositionality
	:UWs correspond to concepts that were considered to be non-compositional (i.e., non-analyzable) in at least one language. Do not create UW's for concepts that are provisional and can be easily reduced to other existing UW's, such as "women who wear big hats in theaters", which, although possibly relevant, does not correspond to a '''lexical unit''' in any existing language, since it does not describe a single concept, but several different concepts ("woman", "to wear", "big", "hat", "theater") bound together. ~~Multiword~~ expressions are included in the UNL Dictionary only when they are non-compositional. For instance, the concept of "hot potato" is only worth of being included in the UNL Dictionary when "hot potato" ≠ "hot" + "potato" (i.e., when "hot potato" describes, not a potato that is hot, but an awkward or delicate matter).		:UWs correspond to concepts that were considered to be non-compositional (i.e., non-analyzable) in at least one language. Do not create UW's for concepts that are provisional and can be easily reduced to other existing UW's, such as "women who wear big hats in theaters", which, although possibly relevant, does not correspond to a '''lexical unit''' in any existing language, since it does not describe a single concept, but several different concepts ("woman", "to wear", "big", "hat", "theater") bound together. In this sense, multiword expressions are to be included in the UNL Dictionary only when they are non-compositional. For instance, the concept of "hot potato" is only worth of being included in the UNL Dictionary when "hot potato" ≠ "hot" + "potato" (i.e., when "hot potato" describes, not a potato that is hot, but an awkward or delicate matter).
	;3. Relevance		;3. Relevance
	:Proper names must be included in the UNL Dictionary if, and only if, they are listed as entries in acknowledged encyclopedias. For instance, according to the White Pages, there are at least 5 people named "Sigmund Smith" in the US, but none of them are listed in the English Wikipedia or Encyclopaedia Britannica. Therefore, they should not be included in the UNL Dictionary (although "Sigmund" and "Smith", as separate entries, should be there, because they are very frequent).		:Proper names must be included in the UNL Dictionary if, and only if, they are listed as entries in acknowledged encyclopedias. For instance, according to the White Pages, there are at least 5 people named "Sigmund Smith" in the US, but none of them are listed in the English Wikipedia or Encyclopaedia Britannica. Therefore, they should not be included in the UNL Dictionary (although "Sigmund" and "Smith", as separate entries, should be there, because they are very frequent).
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	In order to name a concept, the following must be observed:		In order to name a concept, the following must be observed:
	;4. Non-redundancy		;4. Non-redundancy
	:There must be no synonymy in the UNL Dictionary. Do not create UW's that have the same meaning of existing UW's. For instance, there are several different ways of making reference to the city of New York: New York, City of New York, NY, NYC, The Big Apple, etc. All these names must be linked to one single UW~~. If we have, in the UNL Dictionary, New York(iof>city), we should not create~~ New York ~~City(iof>city), NY(iof>city), NYC~~(iof>city), ~~etc. The same happens, for instance, with "Pablo Picasso(iof>person)" and "Pablo Picasso(iof>painter)". If~~ they ~~both refer to~~ the same ~~person, there should be only one (preferably the most general one, i.e., "Pablo Picasso(iof>person)")~~.		:There must be no synonymy in the UNL Dictionary. Do not create UW's that have the same meaning of existing UW's. For instance, there are several different ways of making reference to the city of New York: New York, City of New York, NY, NYC, N.Y.C., The Big Apple, Nueva York (es), Nova Iorque (pt), Нью-Йорк (ru), ニューヨーク (ja), etc. All these names must be linked to one single UW: New York(iof>city), because they all have the same reference.
	;5. Non-ambiguity		;5. Non-ambiguity
	:~~UWs cannot~~ be ~~ambiguous~~. Do not re-use existing UW's that have different meanings. For instance, there is a city named "New York" in Lincolnshire, in the UK. This city should not be linked to New York(iof>city), because New York(iof>city) does not describe "any city named New York", but a specific city, as informed in the UNLKB. So, you have to create a different UW in this case: either New York(pof>Lincolnshire), or New York(plc>Lincolnshire), or even New York(iof>city,pof>Lincolnshire).		:There must be no ambiguity in the UNL Dictionary. Do not re-use existing UW's that have different meanings. For instance, there is a city named "New York" in Lincolnshire, in the UK. This city should not be linked to New York(iof>city), because New York(iof>city) does not describe "any city named New York", but a specific city, as informed in the UNLKB. So, you have to create a different UW in this case: either New York(pof>Lincolnshire), or New York(plc>Lincolnshire), or even New York(iof>city,pof>Lincolnshire).
	;6. Simplicity		;6. Simplicity
	:UWs are only labels for concepts. They are not intended to define or to explain the concept. So, shorter is better. The UW corresponding to the city of New York should be simply "New York(iof>city)" and not "New York(iof>city,iof>capital,pof>New York State,equ>NY,equ>NYC,etc.)". The definition for a given UW is provided in the UNLKB and not in the name of the UW. In the UNLKB, for instance, the UW "New York(iof>city)" will be connected to several other UW's ("capital(icl>city"), "New York(iof>state)", "United States of America(iof>country)", "Manhattan(iof>borough)", "Empire State(iof>building)", etc.), but there is no need for this to be reflected in the name of the UW~~. In some cases, however, more verbose UW's will be needed to render UW's unique~~.		:UWs must be as short as possible. UW's are only labels for concepts. They are not intended to define or to explain the concept. So, shorter is better. The UW corresponding to the city of New York should be simply "New York(iof>city)" and not "New York(iof>city,iof>capital,pof>New York State,equ>NY,equ>NYC,etc.)". The definition for a given UW is provided in the UNLKB and not in the name of the UW. In the UNLKB, for instance, the UW "New York(iof>city)" will be connected to several other UW's ("capital(icl>city"), "New York(iof>state)", "United States of America(iof>country)", "Manhattan(iof>borough)", "Empire State(iof>building)", etc.), but there is no need for this to be reflected in the name of the UW.
	;7. Transparency		;7. Transparency
	:UWs must be as transparent as possible. The meaning of "New York(iof>city)" is much clearer than "New York(iof>place)". Note that, in the latter case, we would have to go to the UNLKB in order to understand whether we are talking about the city of New York, the state of New York or any place named "New York". So, it is better to use specific classifiers (such as "city") rather than generic classifiers (such as "place").		:UWs must be as transparent as possible. The meaning of "New York(iof>city)" is much clearer than "New York(iof>place)". Note that, in the latter case, we would have to go to the UNLKB in order to understand whether we are talking about the city of New York, the state of New York or any place named "New York". So, it is better to use specific classifiers (such as "city") rather than generic classifiers (such as "place").<ref>On the other hand, it is important not to be too reductionist: "Pablo Picasso(iof>person)" is better than "Pablo Picasso(iof>painter)", because he was not only a painter, but also a sculptor, a print-maker, a ceramicist, a poet among others.</ref>

	== Instructions ==		== Instructions ==
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	\|-		\|-
	\|ADVERBS		\|ADVERBS
	\|The adverb, translated or transliterated into English<ref>Only ~~the~~ adverbs that cannot be reduced to adjectives are included in the UNL Dictionary. ~~Most~~ adverbs are represented as ~~adjective~~.@manner: ~~well~~ = ~~good~~.@manner, or</ref>		\|The adverb, translated or transliterated into English<ref>Only adverbs that cannot be reduced to adjectives (i.e., time and place adverbs) are included in the UNL Dictionary. Degree adverbs (such as "more", "less" and "too") are represented as [[Universal Attributes]]. The same happens to conjuncts and disjuncts (such as "although", "however" and "furthermore"). Manner adverbs (such as "slowly", "loudly" and "naturally") are represented by the corresponding adjectives + the attribute @manner: slowly = slow.@manner, loudly = loud.@manner, naturally = natural.@manner.</ref>
	\|align=center\|icl		\|align=center\|icl
	\|where, when~~, how, how much~~		\|where, when
	\|here(icl>where),there(icl>where),now(icl>when),then(icl>when)		\|here(icl>where),there(icl>where),now(icl>when),then(icl>when)
	\|-		\|-

imported>Martins at 18:47, 18 February 2014

2014-02-18T18:47:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:47, 18 February 2014
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	In the above:		In the above:
	*'''LRU''' stands for [[Lexical Realisation Unit]], i.e., the name of the entity/concept. It can be a proper name (such as "Pablo Picasso", "Guernica", "Spanish Civil War", "Spanish Republican Armed Forces", "Facebook", "Candy Crush", etc.) or a common name ("paella", "baga ghanoush", "latifundium", "ilunga", etc.). For the time being, in order to ensure cross-language understanding, the name must be expressed in the way it is normally translated into English (i.e., "Spain", instead of "España", "Greece" instead of "Ελλάδα", "baba ghanoush" instead of "بابا غنوج~~", "Spanish Civil War" instead of "Guerra Civil Española~~", etc.).<ref>Note, however, that many concepts are only transliterated into English (e.g., "paella", "latifundium" and "ilunga" normally appear as such in English texts, even though they are not English words, i.e., they are not really translated, but borrowed, as loan words). Normally, in these cases, the words are represented in italic or between quotes in English texts, or are followed by a translator's note.</ref> In any case, the LRU is a "lexical unit", i.e., a real word (either simple or complex), and never an expression used to define the word. For instance, the LRU for "baba ghanoush" is "baba ghanoush" and not "dish of eggplant mashed and mixed with olive oil and various seasonings".		*'''LRU''' stands for [[Lexical Realisation Unit]], i.e., the name of the entity/concept. It can be a proper name (such as "Pablo Picasso", "Guernica", "Spanish Civil War", "Spanish Republican Armed Forces", "Facebook", "Candy Crush", etc.) or a common name ("paella", "baga ghanoush", "latifundium", "ilunga", etc.). For the time being, in order to ensure cross-language understanding, the name must be expressed in the way it is normally translated into English (i.e., "Spain", instead of "España", "Greece" instead of "Ελλάδα", "baba ghanoush" instead of "بابا غنوج", etc.).<ref>Note, however, that many concepts are only transliterated into English (e.g., "paella", "latifundium" and "ilunga" normally appear as such in English texts, even though they are not English words, i.e., they are not really translated, but borrowed, as loan words). Normally, in these cases, the words are represented in italic or between quotes in English texts, or are followed by a translator's note.</ref> In any case, the LRU is a "lexical unit", i.e., a real word (either simple or complex), and never an expression used to define the word. For instance, the LRU for "baba ghanoush" is "baba ghanoush" and not "dish of eggplant mashed and mixed with olive oil and various seasonings".
	*'''CLASSIFIER''' is a category used to disambiguate and classify the LRU. It must be UW already defined in the UNL KB, and normally describes a general class or category (such as "person", "country", "city", etc.) to which the LRU may be linked.		*'''CLASSIFIER''' is a category used to disambiguate and classify the LRU. It must be UW already defined in the UNL KB, and normally describes a general class or category (such as "person", "country", "city", etc.) to which the LRU may be linked.
	*'''RELATION''' is a [[Universal Relation]]s used to link the LRU to the CLASSIFIER. We normally use one of the following ontological relations:		*'''RELATION''' is a [[Universal Relation]]s used to link the LRU to the CLASSIFIER. We normally use one of the following ontological relations:
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	\|-		\|-
	\|ADVERBS		\|ADVERBS
	\|The adverb, translated or transliterated into English<ref>Only the adverbs that cannot be reduced to adjectives are included in the UNL Dictionary. Most adverbs are represented as adjective.@manner: well = good.@manner, or		\|The adverb, translated or transliterated into English<ref>Only the adverbs that cannot be reduced to adjectives are included in the UNL Dictionary. Most adverbs are represented as adjective.@manner: well = good.@manner, or</ref>
	\|align=center\|icl		\|align=center\|icl
	\|where, when, how, how much		\|where, when, how, how much

imported>Martins at 18:46, 18 February 2014

2014-02-18T18:46:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:46, 18 February 2014
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	In the above:		In the above:
	*'''LRU''' stands for [[Lexical Realisation Unit]], i.e., the name of the entity/concept. It can be a proper name (such as "Pablo Picasso", "Guernica", "Spanish Civil War", "Spanish Republican Armed Forces", "Facebook", "Candy Crush", etc.) or a common name ("paella", "baga ghanoush", "latifundium", "ilunga", etc.). For the time being, in order to ensure cross-language understanding, the name must be expressed in the way it is normally translated into English (i.e., "Spain", instead of "España", "Greece" instead of "Ελλάδα", "~~Egypt~~" instead of "~~مصر~~", "Spanish Civil War" instead of "Guerra Civil Española", etc.). Note, however, that many concepts are only transliterated into English (e.g., "paella~~", "baba ghanoush~~", "latifundium" and "ilunga" normally appear as such in English texts, even though they are not English words, i.e., they are not really translated, but borrowed, as loan words). Normally, in these cases, the words are represented in italic or between quotes in English texts, or are followed by a translator note. In any case, ~~it is important for~~ the LRU ~~to be~~ a "lexical unit", i.e., a real word (either simple or complex), and never an expression used to define the word. For instance, the LRU for "baba ghanoush" is "baba ghanoush" and not "dish of eggplant mashed and mixed with olive oil and various seasonings".		*'''LRU''' stands for [[Lexical Realisation Unit]], i.e., the name of the entity/concept. It can be a proper name (such as "Pablo Picasso", "Guernica", "Spanish Civil War", "Spanish Republican Armed Forces", "Facebook", "Candy Crush", etc.) or a common name ("paella", "baga ghanoush", "latifundium", "ilunga", etc.). For the time being, in order to ensure cross-language understanding, the name must be expressed in the way it is normally translated into English (i.e., "Spain", instead of "España", "Greece" instead of "Ελλάδα", "baba ghanoush" instead of "بابا غنوج", "Spanish Civil War" instead of "Guerra Civil Española", etc.).<ref>Note, however, that many concepts are only transliterated into English (e.g., "paella", "latifundium" and "ilunga" normally appear as such in English texts, even though they are not English words, i.e., they are not really translated, but borrowed, as loan words). Normally, in these cases, the words are represented in italic or between quotes in English texts, or are followed by a translator's note.</ref> In any case, the LRU is a "lexical unit", i.e., a real word (either simple or complex), and never an expression used to define the word. For instance, the LRU for "baba ghanoush" is "baba ghanoush" and not "dish of eggplant mashed and mixed with olive oil and various seasonings".
	*'''CLASSIFIER''' is a category used to disambiguate and classify the LRU. It must be UW already defined in the UNL KB, and normally describes a general class or category (such as "person", "country", "city", etc.) to which the LRU may be linked.		*'''CLASSIFIER''' is a category used to disambiguate and classify the LRU. It must be UW already defined in the UNL KB, and normally describes a general class or category (such as "person", "country", "city", etc.) to which the LRU may be linked.
	*'''RELATION''' is a [[Universal Relation]]s used to link the LRU to the CLASSIFIER. We normally use one of the following ontological relations:		*'''RELATION''' is a [[Universal Relation]]s used to link the LRU to the CLASSIFIER. We normally use one of the following ontological relations:

imported>Martins at 18:43, 18 February 2014

2014-02-18T18:43:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:43, 18 February 2014
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	The [[UNL Dictionary]] is never completed. It is expected to contain all the concepts that are lexicalized in at least one language. These include:		The [[UNL Dictionary]] is never completed. It is expected to contain all the concepts that are lexicalized in at least one language. These include:
	*local concepts (i.e., concepts that are culture-bound and must be borrowed from the source language)<ref>Consider, for instance, the case of the word "ilunga", from Tshiluba, which means "a person who is ready to forgive any transgression a first time and then to tolerate it for a second time, but never for a third time". This is considered to be a "local" concept in the sense that it cannot be "replaced" by one single lexical item by English, although it can be "explained" in English.</ref>;		*local concepts (i.e., concepts that are culture-bound and must be borrowed from the source language)<ref>Consider, for instance, the case of the word "ilunga", from Tshiluba, which means "a person who is ready to forgive any transgression a first time and then to tolerate it for a second time, but never for a third time". This is considered to be a "local" concept in the sense that it cannot be "replaced" by one single lexical item by English, although it can be "explained" in English.</ref>;
	*local named entities (i.e., names of rivers, mountains, beaches, cities, states, neighborhoods, brands, companies, rulers, celebrities, works of art, etc.)		*local named entities (i.e., names of rivers, mountains, beaches, cities, states, neighborhoods, brands, companies, rulers, celebrities, works of art, etc., that have been acknowledged by local encyclopedias)
	*local products and practices (i.e., names of food, clothing, rituals, festivities, etc., which are specific to a given region)		*local products and practices (i.e., names of food, clothing, rituals, festivities, etc., which are specific to a given region)
	All these concepts, if lexicalized (i.e., acknowledged as a "lexical unit", to be included as entries in ordinary dictionaries or encyclopedias) in at least one language, must be included in the UNL Dictionary as [[Universal Words]].		All these concepts, if lexicalized (i.e., acknowledged as a "lexical unit", to be included as entries in ordinary dictionaries or encyclopedias) in at least one language, must be included in the UNL Dictionary as [[Universal Words]].

imported>Martins at 18:41, 18 February 2014

2014-02-18T18:41:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:41, 18 February 2014
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	The [[UNL Dictionary]] is never completed. It is expected to contain all the concepts that are lexicalized in at least one language. These include:		The [[UNL Dictionary]] is never completed. It is expected to contain all the concepts that are lexicalized in at least one language. These include:
	*local concepts (i.e., concepts that are culture-bound and ~~normally untranslatable~~<ref>Consider, for instance, the case of the word "ilunga", from Tshiluba, which means "a person who is ready to forgive any transgression a first time and then to tolerate it for a second time, but never for a third time". This is considered to be a "local" concept in the sense that it cannot be "replaced" by one single lexical item by English, although it can be "explained" in English.</ref>;		*local concepts (i.e., concepts that are culture-bound and must be borrowed from the source language)<ref>Consider, for instance, the case of the word "ilunga", from Tshiluba, which means "a person who is ready to forgive any transgression a first time and then to tolerate it for a second time, but never for a third time". This is considered to be a "local" concept in the sense that it cannot be "replaced" by one single lexical item by English, although it can be "explained" in English.</ref>;
	*local named entities (i.e., names of rivers, mountains, beaches, cities, states, neighborhoods, brands, companies, rulers, celebrities, works of art, etc.)		*local named entities (i.e., names of rivers, mountains, beaches, cities, states, neighborhoods, brands, companies, rulers, celebrities, works of art, etc.)
	*local products and practices (i.e., names of food, clothing, rituals, festivities, etc., which are specific to a given region)		*local products and practices (i.e., names of food, clothing, rituals, festivities, etc., which are specific to a given region)

imported>Martins at 18:36, 18 February 2014

2014-02-18T18:36:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:36, 18 February 2014
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	:UWs correspond to concepts that were considered to be non-compositional (i.e., non-analyzable) in at least one language. Do not create UW's for concepts that are provisional and can be easily reduced to other existing UW's, such as "women who wear big hats in theaters", which, although possibly relevant, does not correspond to a '''lexical unit''' in any existing language, since it does not describe a single concept, but several different concepts ("woman", "to wear", "big", "hat", "theater") bound together. Multiword expressions are included in the UNL Dictionary only when they are non-compositional. For instance, the concept of "hot potato" is only worth of being included in the UNL Dictionary when "hot potato" ≠ "hot" + "potato" (i.e., when "hot potato" describes, not a potato that is hot, but an awkward or delicate matter).		:UWs correspond to concepts that were considered to be non-compositional (i.e., non-analyzable) in at least one language. Do not create UW's for concepts that are provisional and can be easily reduced to other existing UW's, such as "women who wear big hats in theaters", which, although possibly relevant, does not correspond to a '''lexical unit''' in any existing language, since it does not describe a single concept, but several different concepts ("woman", "to wear", "big", "hat", "theater") bound together. Multiword expressions are included in the UNL Dictionary only when they are non-compositional. For instance, the concept of "hot potato" is only worth of being included in the UNL Dictionary when "hot potato" ≠ "hot" + "potato" (i.e., when "hot potato" describes, not a potato that is hot, but an awkward or delicate matter).
	;3. Relevance		;3. Relevance
	Proper names must be included in the UNL Dictionary if, and only if, they are listed as entries in acknowledged encyclopedias. For instance, according to the White Pages, there are at least 5 people named "Sigmund Smith" in the US, but none of them are listed in the English Wikipedia or Encyclopaedia Britannica. Therefore, they should not be included in the UNL Dictionary (although "Sigmund" and "Smith", as separate entries, should be there, because they are very frequent).		:Proper names must be included in the UNL Dictionary if, and only if, they are listed as entries in acknowledged encyclopedias. For instance, according to the White Pages, there are at least 5 people named "Sigmund Smith" in the US, but none of them are listed in the English Wikipedia or Encyclopaedia Britannica. Therefore, they should not be included in the UNL Dictionary (although "Sigmund" and "Smith", as separate entries, should be there, because they are very frequent).

	== Naming Principles ==		== Naming Principles ==